British somaliland war

British somaliland war. The first campaign to explore the possibility of exploiting air power's reach and power in this manner took place in British Somaliland in the Horn of Africa. Southern Somalia largely collapsed after Barre’s regime’s fall left a massive power vacuum. Map of French Somaliland, modern-day Djibouti. Italian Somaliland is Number 128 in a series of more than 160 studies produced by the section, most of which were published after the The operation to recapture British Somaliland began on 16 March 1941 from Aden, in the first successful Allied landing on a defended shore of the war. When British Somaliland became part of the newly independent nation of Somalia in 1960, that government took control over the region. In January 1941, a British counter offensive began with a force from Sudan invading Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. May 21, 2018 · In the Second World War British troops occupied the neighbouring Somali territory, previously controlled by Italy, and in 1960 the two former dependencies were united to create the independent state of Somalia. [2] The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa, pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah") against the British. 1 wounded. Mar 16, 2024 · Somaliland Camel Corps between Berbera and Odweyne in 1913. During the 1980s and 1990s, the civil war in Somalia led to a large number of Somali immigrants, comprising the majority of the current Somali population in the UK. ox. In Abyssinia the Italians have a total force of 350,000 men of whom 70 percent are native troops. Together they formed the new country of Somalia. French Somaliland is Number 109 in a series of more than 160 studies produced by the section, most of which were published after the Oct 22, 2018 · COLD WAR PROXY. The Ethiopian–Somali conflict is a territorial and political dispute between Ethiopia, Somalia, and insurgents in the area, Originating in the 1300s, the conflict's most recent iteration began in the late 1940s when the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region was handed back to Ethiopia by the British. It briefly united with the former Italian Somaliland on 1 July 1960 to form the independent Somali Republic. The borders with which Somaliland declared independence are the same as the borders of British Somaliland. In a bloody war against the British Empire the Dhulbahante along with several other clans propelled the Dervish movement to defeat the empire in a series of military expeditions. This is the official independence day for all of Somalia. De Havilland DH. Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall. Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic. [1] The British blockade prevented direct sea communications between Djibouti, the capital and Obock. Headlam, Major General Sir John, The History of the Royal Artillery from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, 1937, Royal Artillery Institution. Jul 3, 2021 · By 19th January, assembly and flight testing were complete, meaning that the air campaign began on 21st January 1920. At the end of the war the Italian Somaliland, former Italian colony, eastern Africa. Combatant 1. In the new political order, the south obtained de facto hegemony over the underdeveloped north. Famine looms in Sudan as civil war survivors tell of killings and rapes. British forces entered from Sudan into Eritrea. This policy was proposed to raise much needed revenues to run the Somaliland Protectorate which was a net drain on Colonial Office coffers. R. During World War II the British protectorate was evacuated (1940) but was recaptured with Italian Somalia in 1941, when Ethiopia also was liberated. GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)To license this film, visit https://www. The World Bank’s 2017 household. Jul 3, 2019 · Following Italy's declaration of war on Britain and France, Italian troops quickly seized British Somaliland in the Horn of Africa and laid siege to the island of Malta. It replaced the Somaliland Camel British Somaliland provides a history of the administration of the British Somaliland Protectorate from the time when Somaliland first became governable, following the defeat of Abdullah Hassan, to independence. ww2dbase When Italy declared war on the Allies on 10 Jun 1940, the Governor General and Viceroy of Italian East Africa, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, began planning an invasion of British colonial holdings in East Africa known as British Somaliland. . The Italian invasion of British Somaliland (3–19 August 1940) was part of the East African campaign (1940–1941) in which Italian, Eritrean and Somali forces of Fascist Italy entered the Somaliland Protectorate and defeated its garrison of British, Commonwealth and colonial forces supported by Somali irregulars. I. British Somaliland in World War II. *British Somaliland. In 1950, the protectorate of British Somaliland's badge and flag Jun 14, 2023 · Evidence suggests that Somaliland troops’ shelling and bombing could fit into the parameters of the definition of war crimes and demonstrates that potential war crimes may have been committed in Italy soon took over several regions in the northeast and along the southern coast. The British had withdrawn from the protectorate after a delaying action at the Battle of Aug 6, 2018 · Working with Brent Museums and Archives, the Somaliland Scouts Association (the British colonial regiment in the region famous for its camel corps) and with the aid of a Heritage Lottery fund, months of hard work have resulted in a Somalis in The First World War exhibition. The boundaries declared by Somaliland in the Declaration are the British Somaliland borders established by Britain in 1884. Source: Mockler. Walsh. Somaliland Scouts. The first known major impetus to Somali migration was that of Sheikh Ismāʿīl Jabartī, ancestor of the Daarood Somali, who apparently In preparation for the peace conference that was expected to follow World War I, in the spring of 1917 the British Foreign Office established a special section responsible for preparing background information for use by British delegates to the conference. As well to enhance British control in the interior of In World War 2, the Italians used their colonies of Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland to launch an attack and capture the colony. Although the Italian Viceroy Duke Aosta had taken Sudan, Kenya, and British Somaliland early, by this time the Italian troops were demoralized from their countrymen's losses in North Africa. Eric Charles Twelves Wilson. Peter Chen ww2dbase In East Africa, the earlier picture of conquering Italian troops was no longer seen in early 1941. He was King of Shoa 1866-89, and in 1876 he was fighting against Ethiopia’s ally, Ras Adal of Gojjam. May 10, 2023 · During a phone call with Somaliland’s President Muse Bihi on May 3, Andrew Mitchell, the United Kingdom’s minister of state for development and Africa, said, “The economic potential in Emperor Haile Selassie photographed in 1942. Three weeks later a second front was opened from Kenya with the invasion of Italian Somaliland and southern Ethiopia. In the Second World War British troops occupied the neighbouring Somali territory, previously In June 1936, after the war ended, Italian Somaliland became part of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana) forming the Somalia Governorate. 21, Article 16. Jun 25, 2019 · At the end of the Second World War, four of the Somali-inhabited territories with the exception of Djibouti which was a French colony), i. The Cost of the Dervish War in British Somaliland on Environment and Non-combatants (1899-1920) Awale, A. e. The operation to recapture British Somaliland began on 16 March 1941 from Aden, in the first successful Allied landing on a defended shore of the war. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944. With the exception of French Somaliland, all the Somali territories were then united under British After the war, Italian Somalia and Eritrea came under British administration, while Ethiopia regained its independence. Although a regional administration in Somalia claims the eastern borders of Somaliland in Sool and Sanaag, Somaliland controls 80% of Sool and Sanaag. The prestigious Isaaq clan—once the Jun 6, 2022 · 1960 (26th June – 1st July): Creation of short-lived independent ‘State of Somaliland‘ 1st July 1960: The republic of Somalia was created through unification of the the former British- and Italian Somaliland (The State of Somaliland was unified with the Trust territory of Somaliland). When the First World War broke out, Carton de Wiart was en route to British Somaliland where a low-level war was underway against the followers of Dervish leader Mohammed bin Abdullah, called the "Mad Mullah" by the British. In 1884, during the 19th‐cent. com/video/VLVAAFFUWQY0E6TCGWPWC898YAEGN-SOMALIA-BRITISH-ARMY-RETAKE-SO The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland colony and protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader, This rebellion occurred at a time two months upon the end of the Second World War in Europe, and post-war conditions, and Dec 4, 2013 · Brock Millman is Professor of History at the University of Western Ontario. 1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded British Somaliland, but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland. began shortly thereafter. French Somaliland (officially the Côte française des Somalis, French Somali Coast), with its capital at Djibouti, was the scene of only minor skirmishing during World War II, principally between June and July 1940. The new colony of the Italian Empire also included Ethiopia and Eritrea. Dec, 17, 2021 Aug 30, 2023 · Hayward, Birch and Bishop, British Battles and Medals, 2006, Spink, London. At the end of 1949, it became a United Nations trust territory which would last from 1950 until 1960 whilst under Italian administration. The King's African Rifles ( KAR) was a British Colonial Auxiliary Forces regiment raised from Britain's East African colonies in 1902. CC BY. The white strip contains a black five pointed star. "British Somali Coast Protectorate" in the horn of Africa, surrounded in 1940 by the Italian colonies of Somalia and Ethiopia. In 1877 he extended Shoa’s influence over Wollo, Begember, and Gojjam. Italy subsequently invaded northern Somalia and ejected the British from the Horn of Africa. In 1941, Italian Somaliland was occupied by British and South African troops as part of the East African Campaign of World War II. In 1960 Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland gained independence. The Italian conquest of the British Somali Coast Protectorate was an Italian campaign during World War II against the British Empire. The troopers of the Somaliland Camel Corps had a distinctive dress. Following the 1960 independence and unification of the former territories of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland, their respective currencies, the East African shilling and somalo (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in Aug 26, 2019 · The Italians invade British Somaliland. The Somali Republic Independence and union. 4 aircraft destroyed. 1 (British Somaliland: H. On 1 June 1940, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta the Viceroy and Governor-General of the Africa Orientale The Habr Yunis were not interrupted by the British Somaliland protectorate which had been established in 1884 and was still largely relegated to the coast and its capital of Berbera. [57] Jan 2, 2024 · 1960 - British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland become independent and merge to form the Somali Republic. Civil War. When Italy declared war on 10 June 1940, the Italian troops were not prepared British Somaliland (1884-1960) Dervish movement (1884-1920) Somaliland campaign (1901-1910) Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence (1991-1997) Mar 21, 2016 · Following World War II, when Ethiopia had been aligned with the Allies against the Axis Powers, Great Britain relinquished its claim on the Haud and Ogaden regions as part of British-Somaliland. Following the Italian declaration of war against Great Britain and France on the 10th June 1940, the British perceptions of the Italians in Africa changed. British Somaliland. He took the courtesan Bafena as his consort. [1] It was the only Italian victory against A Post-Colonial Experiment: 1960-1969. Dec 16, 2021 · By Ahmed Ibrahim Awale, Published on 01/01/21. Jul 1, 2015 · The following year saw the commencement in British Somaliland of one of the toughest and longest guerrilla wars that Britain had to face anywhere in the world. Another book, Politics, Polarity and Dissent in Great War During World War II the Italians invaded British Somaliland (1940), and a year later British troops retook the area. They also began a series of probing attacks from Libya into British-held Egypt. Aug 16, 2018 · British Somaliland and indications of the Italian assault August 1940. 61 Ronald Hyam, Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office 1905–1908: The Watershed of the Empire – Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1968), 365. American deliveries of aircraft, tanks, and other supplies to the U. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished. In 1969 the military took over Somalia’s government. A Muslim cleric Mohammed bin Abdullah, colloquially, if inaccurately known as "The Mad Mullah", had proved a thorn in the flesh of the colonial administration British Somaliland gained independence on 26 June 1960. Jardine, Douglas, The Mad Mullah of Somaliland, 1923, Herbert Jenkins Ltd. The British blockade prevented direct sea communications between Djibouti, the capital, and Obock. W. The British continued to administer the area until 1 April 1950. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland had taken place seven months previously, in August 1940. The troops were to be put ashore May 14, 2021 · 60 Great Britain War Office General Staff, Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04, vol. Britain administered the region until 1950, when Italian Somaliland became a UN trust territory. Jan 2, 2024 · 1991 - The former British Somaliland declares unilateral independence as Somaliland following the ousting of Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre, How Gaza war is testing the limits of US Jul 29, 2021 · During the conflict about 2,400 men, largely from British Somaliland, served in this unit. Operation Appearance (16 March – 8 April 1941) was a British landing in the British Somaliland Protectorate against troops of the Italian Army. The Aden Striking Force of about 3,000 men was to be carried about 140 mi (230 km) from Aden by eight navy ships and civilian transports carrying heavy equipment. The Somaliland Scouts was a Rayid military unit, a regiment, of the British Army. P. There was a prior Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement In August 1899, the Dervish army occupied Burao, an important centre of British Somaliland, giving Muhammad Abdullah Hassan control over the city's watering places. 1950–60. In 1950, occupied Somalia became the United Nations Trust Territory of Somaliland , administered by Italy from 1950 until its independence in 1960. Categories: World War II national military histories. Former British protectorate near the mouth of the Red Sea. It extended south from Cape Asir to the boundary of Kenya, occupying an area of 178,218 square miles (461,585 square km). Within these self-declared borders, the Somaliland authorities have managed to establish a level of stability and prosperity unrivaled in Somalia proper. In the years following, tensions culminated in Garaad Abdiqani who was the first to table the case for Somaliland's succession. On February 11, an Anglo-Indian force launched an amphibious assault from Aden and reoccupied British Somaliland. [1] The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BC. On the green stripe is the " shahada " in white script, exactly like in the flag of Saudi Arabia. Italy invaded northern Somalia and ejected British from the continent of Africa. Durning World War II, Italian troops occupied British Somaliland(1940). 9A bomber. The clan boasts a history of anti-colonial resistance. Commander – Brigadier Arthur Reginald Chater. First World War Somaliland Campaign. , London. Dec 14, 2023 · SSK-Khatumo leader Abdulkadir Aw Ali accused the British government of promoting secession agenda in Northern Somalia. With this distribution of peoples in the 10th century, the stage was set for the great movements of expansion of the Somali toward the south and of the Oromo to the south and west. Contributor: C. 2021: Article. In 1884, during the 19th-cent. It was established after the liberation of British Somaliland from Italy in December 1941 and the dissolution of the Somaliland Camel Corps in 1942, which was formerly tasked with the defense of the protectorate. Introduction and background to AOI. In conjunction with the Somali National Movement, communities in Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) negotiated a series of truces to end hostilities and address the grievances between the communities who were often on opposing In early 1922 the Protectorate authorities announced that they would impose a heavy tax on the people of Burao and initiate a programme of disarmament. At the onset of World War II, Italian holdings in East Africa included southern Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Awale, Ahmed Ibrahim (2021) "The Cost of the Dervish War in British Somaliland on Environment and Non-combatants (1899-1920)," Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. Thousands of Italians( veterans of Ethiopia or new emigrants) poured into Somalia during world war II. In France, the Somali battalion took part in some of the bloodiest battles of the war: Verdun, where it participated in the reconquest of the fort of Douaumont (October 1916) and, later, on the Chemin des Dames (April 1917). [56] To commemorate the victory, an Arch of Triumph was constructed in Mogadishu. World War II - East Africa, Axis, Allies: In August 1940 Italian forces mounted a full-scale offensive and overran British Somaliland. Technical (fighting vehicle) in Mogadishu. In 1960 it was united with the former British Somaliland, and the two became the independent Republic of Somalia. 1960 - Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland become independent, merge and form the United Republic of Somalia. Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II. Introduction Northeastern Africa, generally known as the “Horn of Africa”, partic-ularly the region inhabited by Somalis, experienced during the early part of twentieth century one of the most painful times in recorded his May 19, 2020 · In 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia which led to a temporary Somali reunification. The battle determined the result of the Italian invasion of British 5 days ago · Search for: 'British Somaliland' in Oxford Reference ». partition of Africa by European powers, Britain declared a protectorate over part of Somali territory. On that date, former Italian Somaliland was made a Trust Territory, as stipulated by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 289 of 21 November 1949. Apr 14, 2013 · THE INTER-WAR YEARS 1919-39. Italian invasion of British Somaliland. In March 1941, the British counterattacked and reoccupied northern Somalia, from There was an image of a Kudu (an antelope native to the British Somaliland area) on a white disc. [1] The Italian conquest of British Somaliland (Italian language: conquista italiana della Somalia britannica ) was a military campaign in the Horn of Africa, which took place in August 1940 between forces of Italy and those of Great Britain and its Commonwealth. Result. CONTACT Oliver McPherson-Smith oliver. 34 missing [1] The Battle of Tug Argan was fought between forces of the British Empire and Italy from 11 to 15 August 1940 in the Somaliland Protectorate (British Somaliland, Somali: Dhulka Maxmiyada Soomaalida ee Biritishka, now Somaliland ). Somaliland is self-governing, with an independent government and regular democratic elections. Somaliland campaign. Stationery Office, 1907), 49. Somaliland and Ethiopia was garrisoned by some quarter of a million Italian soldiers. The Cost of the Dervish War in British Somaliland on Environment and Non-combatants (1899-1920) Ahmed Ibrahim Awale I. 1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland. One of the highlights is a portrait photo of Yusuf Dualeh Amarreh, who The Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia was a conflict fought from the summer of 1941 to the autumn of 1943 by remnants of Italian troops in Ethiopia and Somalia, in a short-lived attempt to re-establish Italian East Africa. British Somaliland refers to the former British protectorate in the northern region of present-day Somalia, which existed from 1884 to 1960. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1991, following the overthrow of the dictator, Siad Barre. uk Department of Politics and International Relations, Manor Road, Oxford, OX1 3UQ, United The great Somali migrations. 19 Jan 1941 - 16 May 1941. Mogadishu (PP Editorial) — The accusation by SSC-Khatumo leader Abdulkadir Aw Ali that the British Government “is biased towards the secessionist administration of Hargeisa” partly results from the undiplomatic language of the British Ambassador to Somalia, Mr Michael The Somaliland Peace Process refers to the series of grassroot initiatives that brought peace to Somaliland after the collapse of central government of Somalia. The expedition formed part of the East African Campaign. Nine years later, General Siad Barre took over in a bloodless coup and steered the young country toward the Soviet Union. After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. 1,530 wounded. 1st battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment (until end March 1941 from Aden) 3rd battalion 15th Punjab Regiment (from Aden) Somaliland Camel Corps (reforming) See also. In 1960, the southern Italian Somalia and northern British Somaliland merged to form the Somali Republic. Somali National Movement (1981-1991) Conflict. Italy obtained control of it in 1889, and it was incorporated as a state in Italian East Africa in 1936. In preparation for the peace conference that was expected to follow World War I, in the spring of 1917 the British Foreign Office established a special section responsible for preparing background information for use by British delegates to the conference. The former British Empire of Somaliland, which had merged with Italian Somalia in 1960, declared unilateral independence in 1991, but has not attracted international recognition. [17] [18] The two Sultans engaged in a lengthy war and divided the Sultanate's territory, where Awad ruled the Sultanate from his chosen capital of Burao and Nur Nov 11, 2017 · Somaliland new flag (1996) The new flag of Somaliland, the former British part of Somalia which declared its independence some years ago, is three equal horizontal stripes of green-white-red. In late Jun 1940, King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy and the Italian Supreme Command approved the plan The British Military Administration of Somaliland was the control of the regions of British Somaliland and of the former Italian Somaliland by the British from 1941 until 1949. Jan 13, 2024 · Somalia is prepared to go to war to stop Ethiopia recognising the breakaway territory of Somaliland and building a port there, Somaliland was a British colony until 1960. partition of Feb 7, 2023 · Somaliland, a former British protectorate, declared unilateral independence from Somalia in 1991 after a brutal civil war, drawing its border just over 100 km east of Las Anod. French Somaliland (officially the Côte française des Somalis, "French Somali Coast"), with its capital at Djibouti, was the scene of only minor skirmishing during World War II, principally between June and July 1940. Combatant 2. First Somaliland Council of Ministers (1991) Italian Somaliland became the province of Somalia. Mar 7, 2023 · A former British Protectorate, British Somaliland briefly declared independence in 1960 before uniting with Somalia. 465 killed. The Italian victory turned out to be short-lived, however. The land claimed by Italy was known as Italian Somaliland. Britain. This was an RAF operation, including all of the air and land forces. Describing the interplay between general imperial policies, and greater realities and developments in Somaliland, the focus of the book remains on the mechanism by which the Operations on the Northern front, East Africa, 1940 in the Second World War, were conducted by the British in Sudan and the Armed Forces Command of Italian East Africa ( Comando Forze Armate dell'Africa Orientale Italiana) in Eritrea and Ethiopia. In 1940, British Somaliland was invaded and annexed to the Somalia Governorate and governed by Carlo De Simone as "interim military governor" until March 1941. The flag was flown on ships owned by residents of British Somaliland or on government buildings in the territory. Ethiopia and Menelik II 1868-1913. , the British Somaliland Protectorate; Somalia, the Northern Frontier District (NFD) ruled together with Kenya as British colony and the Somali region in Ethiopia together with Haud and Reserved Area all The shilling has been the currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate. Under the Flag and Somali Coast Stories by L. M. [1] Jan 4, 2018 · 1936 - Italian Somaliland combined with Somali-speaking parts of Ethiopia to form a province of Italian East Africa. mcpherson-smith@chch. Recommended Citation. *. _____ SOURCES: The Scramble for Africa by Thomas Pakenham. Official History of the Operations in Somaliland 1901-1904. HARGEISA WAR CEMETERY contains 115 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War (two of them Jan 24, 2024 · Barre’s regime fell in 1991, and Somaliland declared independence from Somalia, having since operated independently. britishpathe. The guerrilla campaign was fought following the Italian defeat in the East African Campaign of World War II, while the war Hargeisa was the capital of British Somaliland from the setting up of the British Military Administration there in May 1941, until July 1960, when Somalia and the former British Somaliland Protectorate were united to form the Somali Republic. Somaliland War of Independence. The British forces in East Africa, also including many colonial troops, are less than 25,000 men of whom only four battalions are in Somaliland. Oct 18, 2018 · Formed in March 1914, the Somaliland Camel Corp, a unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland, was designed to maintain order in the Protectorate. ac. East African campaign (World War II) Colonial heads of Italian East Africa; MVSN Colonial Militia A second small group of seamen came during the Second World War with the Royal Navy from the British Somaliland (present-day Somaliland). Jan 2, 2024 · More than one million people lost their homes as a result of the civil war. Ground operations would begin when the RAF said so. Source: Stewart Map of the invasion. S. Hassan also succeeded in making peace between the local clans and initiated a large assembly, where the population was urged to join the war against the British. Menelik was born on August 17, 1844. Source: Imperial War Museum. The country of Somalia was formed in 1960, when British Somaliland gained its independence from Britain and joined with its much larger neighbor to east and south, Italian Somaliland. The Somaliland Camel Corps, also referred to as the Somali Camel Corps, was a unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland. Former British protectorate near the mouth of the Red Sea [1]. The outbreak of civil war and the collapse of President Siad Barre’s regime prompted Somaliland to declare independence in May 1991. These regional rivalries had a broad impact on clan politics. Between 1900 and 1920, the British, assisted by the Ethiopians and Italians, fought a series of campaigns in Somaliland —sometimes called the Anglo-Somali War —against the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, nicknamed the "Mad Mullah" by the British, although he "was neither mad nor a mullah". Academic. The territory enjoyed Hargeisa ( / hɑːrˈɡeɪsə / har-GAY-sə; Somali: Hargeysa; Arabic: هرجيسا, romanized : Harjīsā) [4] [5] is the capital and largest city of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, a de facto sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still considered internationally to be part of Somalia. The Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement was a joint effort between Ethiopia and the United Kingdom at reestablishing Ethiopian independent statehood following the ousting of Italian troops by combined British and Ethiopian forces in 1941 during the Second World War . It primarily carried out internal security duties within these colonies along with military service elsewhere during the world wars and other conflicts, such as the Malayan Emergency and the Mau Mau uprising. His previous publications include; The Ill-Made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934-1940; Pessimism and British War Policy: 1916-1918; and Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain, 1914-1918. Between 1936 and 1941, Italian Somaliland was administered as the Somalia Governorate within Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana). vk tj bo ti nx cb ci xh tz ce